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Faithful Arrogance? Hashim Vs German Christians - Old Is Gold - Speakers Corner - Hyde Park See Pokemon 2019 discover other items: in germangerman english booksBest german for children. Hyde Flippo. I am horrified by what he and his family went through while uplifted by the strength of the human spirit. Sell on Amazon Start a Selling Account. David Gahan had her head shaved and was placed in the pillory of her town of Oschatz near Leipzig, Totes Mädchen a sign that proclaimed, " I have been a dishonourable German woman in that I sought and had relations with Poles. OHG "beraht" means "shining. Dsds Recall and foremost in the implied Nazi doctrine concerning women was the notion of motherhood Dexter Fletcher procreation for those of child-bearing ages. Amazon Criminal Intent Darsteller Like-new products you can trust. An approximate pronunciation guide for some names is shown in brackets.Hyde Flippo. German Expert. Hyde Flippo taught the German language for 28 years at high school and college levels and published several books on the German language and culture.
Updated February 28, Name day: Aug. OHG "fried" means "peace. Amadeus, Amadeo Lat. Arminius Hermann , who defeated the Romans in Germania in 9 A.
Artur, Arthur from Engl. Arthur August in , Augusta from Lat. Arnd, Arndt, Arno are derived from Arnold. From Baldr, Germanic god of light and fertility Berti m.
Related to Engl. Baldwin, Fren. The martyr Christophorus "Christ-bearer" died in the third century. Clemens, Klemens from the Lat.
OHG "erken" means "noble, genuine, true. From German "ernst" serious, decisive Erwin An old Germanic name that evolved from Herwin "friend of the army".
The female Erwine is rare today. Felix From Lat. The Habsburgs adopted the name in the 16th century. Florian , Florianus m. From Lat.
Florus , "blooming" Frank Although the name means "of the Franks" Germanic tribe , the name only became popular in Germany in the 19th century because of the English name.
Georg m. Götz Old German name, short for "Gott" names, especially "Gottfried. Hartmann Old German name "hard" and "man" popular in the Middle Ages.
Rarely used today; more common as a surname. Hartmut m. More under Heinrich below. Hasso Old German name derived from "Hesse" Hessian.
Once used only by nobility, the name is today a popular German name for dogs. The old German phrase "Freund Hein" means death. Walter , Walther Old Germanic name meaning "army commander.
Welf Old German name meaning "young dog;" a nickname used by the royal house of the Welfs Welfen. Related to Welfhard, Old German name meaning "strong pup;" not used today Waldebert Old German name meaning roughly "shining ruler.
Waldemar Bonsels was a German writer Biene Maja. Wendelin Short or familiar form of names with Wendel -; once a popular German name because of St.
Wendelin seventh cent. The first element of the name weri may refer to a Germanic tribe; the second part heri means "army.
Amalfrieda OHG "fried" means "peace. Agathe, Agatha from Gr. Today Anthony is a popular name in many languages. Beate, Beate, Beatrix, Beatrice from Lat.
I tied the trousers just above my ankles to make them blouse out. Wearing the trousers would be a sure sign to my friends that I was older, which I very much wanted to be.
But as much as I liked my new trousers, they were too thin to protect me from the night's bitter cold. No traffic moved on the road. No one was walking, driving a horse-drawn sleigh, or riding a bicycle.
I was alone. My teeth began to chatter uncontrollably. Earlier in the evening my mother had asked me to walk her friend, a wounded army lieutenant, to the train station.
She had met him at an army hospital where she entertained wounded soldiers by tap dancing for them. The lieutenant hardly spoke a word as we walked to the station.
Why should he? I was just a boy. But I knew the shortest way to the station; that's why I was showing him the way. The lieutenant had come early that afternoon.
It was the first time I had met him. He sat beside my mother on the couch in the living room, and I caught a few words of their conversation.
He spoke of Russian tanks being dangerously close to Sagan and tried to convince her to take Ingrid and me and leave Sagan right away.
I will wait and see what happens. Those orders are always given too late, because the Fuhrer doesn't want to admit we are losing, that it's all over.
When the evacuation orders are finally issued, few people will be able to get out. You and the children must go now!
It's your only chance, Hedy. I know what I'm talking about. Listen to me, please! What was Mutti waiting for? Unless she listened to someone soon, it would be too late.
But my mother didn't listen to anyone, least of all me. She was headstrong and could be stubborn. I felt so afraid of the future. I didn't like feeling helpless, being little, being tied to a mother who didn't want to understand what was happening around her.
I was impatient to grow up, to make decisions for myself, not to be trapped in my nine-year-old body. My mother lived in her fantasy world, refusing to read the newspaper or listen to the radio.
All my mother ever seemed to care about were her parties and tap dancing for the wounded soldiers. On the way to the train station, the lieutenant had walked like a soldier, I thought, fast, with long, deliberate strides.
He was lean and tall, his cheeks hollow, and his skin appeared gray, as if he had known pain or hunger, or both.
I had a hard time staying ahead of him, which is where I thought I should be since I was the guide. His gray army uniform looked new and fit him well.
He wore no overcoat, just his tunic, with a wide, black leather belt around his waist and a pistol strapped to the belt under his left arm.
Probably a Luger, its holster was so large. My father had a pistol just like it. The lieutenant wore an oval, silver badge on the left breast pocket of his tunic--the Verwundetenabzeichen.
The badge depicted a steel helmet over crossed swords rimmed with oak leaves. I knew what that badge meant; he had been wounded in combat, badly wounded.
In one of the buttonholes of his tunic, he wore the ribbon for the Iron Cross second class, and another Iron Cross was pinned above the silver Verwundetenabzeichen, the Iron Cross first class.
He wore still another badge on his tunic's breast pocket, but I couldn't make it out, and I didn't want to stare or ask him about it.
The silver epaulets on his shoulders glistened when the moonlight reflected off them. He wore a simple ski cap, like those worn by common soldiers, and his boots were of sturdy leather, laced high, with leggings around his ankles.
His bloused pants were tucked into his leggings. I really liked how he looked. We passed a group of marching and singing Hitler Youths.
It seemed strange for them to be out on a cold, bleak evening like this. Didn't they know that the Russians were nearly here with us in Sagan?
I didn't know how the war had started, but for as long as I could remember people had been dying and airplanes crashing. There were fewer and fewer men in the streets every year.
Many of my friends' fathers were dead or missing, mostly in Russia. In the newspaper they always called it a Heldentod, a hero's death, when a soldier was killed.
He had fallen for the Fuhrer and the Vaterland, the papers said. I knew that they were just dead, no matter what they called it, just dead.
Only last week one of my friends began to cry right in the middle of a game we were playing and ran home. I knew why he cried.
The war was not good, and now it was coming to an end. It seemed to me that the whole world was the enemy of my country and that they wanted to kill us all.
Even us children. I am a German boy. I am not bad. As we neared the train station, we saw more people walking, their heads bowed.
They didn't want to be seen, and they didn't want to see anyone else. Gray, colorless people without faces.
They looked cold and afraid. The train station was of solid nineteenth-century brick construction with gray stucco walls blackened from the soot of countless passing trains.
On the side wall facing us in black block letters on a white background was written Rader rollen fur den Sieg--"wheels turn for victory.
The lieutenant stopped and turned to face me. He removed the gray leather glove from his right hand to shake mine. His hand felt warm and strong.
I must see if I can find my train now. You run home as fast as you can, and stop for no one. He turned toward the station, saluting me as he went.
On the way home I was startled to see two antitank guns near the bridge across the Bober River where we had crossed earlier.
I was sure the guns had not been there on our way to the station. I knew these guns from picturess. The guns had their long, white barrels pointed at the bridge in case a Russian T tank should suddenly come thundering across.
I knew why the 88s were there. When I listened to the news on the radio, the announcer frequently spoke of Panzer Spitzen penetrating German lines.
I figured out that this meant that Russian T tanks had broken through and were driving around behind our lines, causing panic and destruction.
The lieutenant was right--we should leave Sagan as quickly as possible. The soldiers near the guns looked relaxed. Some smoked cigarettes. Maybe that was the way soldiers looked.
It was their job to destroy tanks, or be killed by them. While I didn't like that thought, it didn't seem to bother the soldiers.
One soldier patrolled beside the guns with a rifle slung over his shoulder. His thick winter jacket and helmet were white, too.
He had a gray woolen scarf wrapped across his mouth to keep out the cold, and the hood of his jacket was partially pulled over his white helmet.
Was he even a little afraid? I wondered. I finally reached Nord Strasse. Our apartment house, number three, was two minutes further down the road.
Nord Strasse was short and ended in an open field. They never finished paving the street after the war began in September The workmen were there one day, and then they never returned.
I often played in the sandpile and among the granite paving stones the men left behind. My frozen fingers bent with great difficulty.
I barely got the key out from under the doormat. I couldn't get it into the lock. The key fell out of my hand as I fumbled around.
I rang the doorbell and the Fluchtling refugee woman who lived with us let me in. I ran past her down the corridor into the living room and threw myself on the white fur rug, putting my hands between my thighs for warmth.
My hands hurt so badly that I wanted to scream, but I couldn't. The refugee family was in my room next door, and they would hear me if I cried.
I felt tears running down my cheeks, into my mouth. I bit into the fur as the pain tore at my hands. When the refugee woman had opened the door for me, she held a not yet two-year-old girl in her arms; a boy of four stood by her side.
She looked happy. She must have felt safe. Read more. Product details Item Weight : Start reading German Boy on your Kindle in under a minute. In , school programmes for girls were changed, notably with the goal of discouraging them from pursuing university studies.
The five years of Latin classes and three years of science were replaced by courses in German language and domestic skills training. Some women's associations, notably communist and socialist groups were banned, and in some rare cases members were arrested or assassinated.
In , a law was passed banning certain high-level positions in the judicial system to women notably judge and prosecutor, through Hitler's personal intervention [29] and the medical field.
Female doctors were no longer allowed to practice, until their loss had a harmful effect on health needs and some were recalled to work; also dissolved was the Association of Medical Women, which was absorbed into its male counterpart.
On June 8, , a decree stipulated that only men could be named to these posts, if it was not in a social field. Nonetheless, on February 21, " in an individual and exceptional capacity " following lobbying by Gertrud Scholtz-Klink , [30] one female scientist Margarete Gussow obtained a post in astronomy.
Mathematician Ruth Moufang was able to receive her doctorate, but could not obtain the right to teach and was forced to work for national industry.
Physics researcher Lise Meitner , who directed the Department of Physics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Society , was able to remain in her post until , but this was only due to her Austrian nationality, which ended with the Anschluss ; she then left for the Netherlands, and then Sweden.
In the scientific field, there were almost no nominations of women; in , a woman was not permitted to direct a scientific institute, despite the fact that no male candidate had applied.
There was no substantial resistance to this control. The bourgeois women's associations reasoned, as did many others, that the Nazi government was a vulgar phenomenon that would soon fade, and that through their participation they could still exert some influence.
With respect to the widespread tendency to underestimate the threat that the regime presented, the historian Claudia Koonz highlights the popular proverb of the era: "The soup is never eaten as hot as it is cooked".
Noticing the need for women in certain professions and their usefulness in the country's economy, the anti-emancipation policy in terms of the workforce was rapidly blunted.
Women were otherwise invited to adhere to Nazism and reassured with the idea that they could be a mother and be employed, Joseph Goebbels even attacking anti-lipstick propaganda campaigns in Völkischer Beobachter and attacking the most zealous ideologues.
The Nazi woman had to conform to the German society desired by Adolf Hitler Volksgemeinschaft , racially pure and physically robust.
She did not work, living in the naturalization of motherhood and following the slogan of the former emperor William II of Germany : Kinder, Küche, Kirche , meaning "Children, kitchen, church".
In a document published in , The Nine Commandments of the Workers' Struggle , Hermann Goering bluntly summarizes the future role of German women: "Take a pot, a dustpan and a broom and marry a man".
Thus, Magda Goebbels declared in "German women were excluded from three professions: the army, as elsewhere in the world; the government; and the judiciary.
If a German girl must choose between marriage or a career, she will always be encouraged to marry, because that is what is best for a woman".
On the contrary, they were expected to participate at the ground level in the roles of mother and spouse. The fact that the regimentation of women Bund Deutscher Mädel then Frauenschaft being so organized, did not permit relegating women to what they could do in the 19th century.
Without a doubt, a conservative electorate and a fringe part of the population very critical of the image of the emancipated woman from the s found a certain satisfaction in the new regime.
But the goals were different, asking each woman to take part in the building of the "Reich of years". Female liberation found itself therefore necessarily limited, and Heide Schlüpmann stated conclusively in Frauen und Film , that the films of Leni Riefenstahl the official film director of the regime "value quite a negation of female sexuality and only offer women a deceptive autonomy".
The wearing of makeup was generally prohibited, and a certain modesty was demanded of women, contrasting with the Weimar Republic period, which experienced more freedom on a moral level.
Sexuality was banned, unless for a reproductive goal; liberated young women were considered "depraved" and "antisocial".
Mothers were encouraged to have children: thus was created the "Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter" in English: Cross of Honour of the German Mother for mothers having brought into the world more than four children.
A "German Mothers' Day" was also created; during that of , three million mothers were decorated. In line with Nazi racial theory , the Nazi government promoted the " Aryan " Nordic archetype as the ideal physical appearance: women were to be blonde, beautiful, tall, thin and robust all at once.
This image was spread as much through advertising as through official art, then through ancient art, and more specifically through Greco-Roman statues.
Academic Monique Moser-Verrey notes: "a revival, during the course of the Thirties, of mythological themes such as the Judgement of Paris.
Yet it is striking that the image of women projected by women's literature of the s is clearly contrary to traditional views of sweet housewife spread by Rosenberg and Goebbels.
The heroines of women's novels during this period are often a strong and tenacious type of woman, while the sons and husbands are quickly delivered to death.
Everything happens as if one perceives through these fictions a true antagonism between the sexes generated by the constant mobilisation of these two groups independent of one another.
Fashion for women in Nazi Germany was problematic for Nazi officials. The Nazi government wanted to propagandize the "Aryan" woman.
In various posters and other forms of media, this ideal Nazi woman was strong, fertile, and wore historically traditional German clothing.
However, although there was disagreement over how to ideally fashion German "Aryan" women, anti-Semitic, anti-American, and anti-French Nazi rhetoric played a key part in molding German women's fashion ideology.
Yet, while the Nazi government sought to create a maternal ideal for the Aryan woman, they also sought financial gain from the textile industry. The compulsory education for girls was not neglected and boys and girls were placed on the same footing at schools.
Girls were encouraged to pursue secondary education but university courses were closed to them. Beginning in they were required to fulfill a work period of six months for the benefit of the service of women's work, the Reichsarbeitsdienst Deutscher Frauenarbeitsdienst.
Adolf Hitler declared, on April 12, , that the schools of the Reich must gather "boys and girls from all classes" to meet "all the youth of the Reich".
The Jungmädel young girl must know a the date and place of the birth of the Führer, and be able to recount his life.
It was also required that they know the geography of Germany, its hymns as well as the clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. The BDM was particularly regarded as instructing females to avoid Rassenschande racial defilement , which was treated with particular importance for young females in order to preserve the Aryan race.
Nazi propaganda published pamphlets that enjoined all German women to avoid sexual relations with all foreign workers brought to Germany as a danger to their blood.
Enforcing Racial Policy — writes about such cases of German women being found guilty of sexual relations with prisoners of war and foreigner workers.
One case in March was of a married woman who had an affair with a French prisoner of war had her head shaved and was marched through the town of Bramberg in Lower Franconia carrying a sign which said, " I have sullied the honour of the German woman.
She had her head shaved and was placed in the pillory of her town of Oschatz near Leipzig, with a sign that proclaimed, " I have been a dishonourable German woman in that I sought and had relations with Poles.
By doing that I excluded myself from the community of the people. The education of girls also meant political education; there already existed elite schools of political studies, the Napola Nationalpolitische Anstalten , one for girls opened in in Vienna and another in in Luxembourg.
These institutions did not have a purpose of enabling women to re-enter political life but of endowing the best with the cultural baggage required to occupy posts related to the management of women's affairs.
This concerned a very small minority. However, on June 5, , the MInister of Finance Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk , a conservative politician, threatened to cut grants to the second school, if it did not become a simple internship for adolescents, rejecting all political education for girls.
Adolf Hitler decided otherwise on June 24, , promising the construction of three new Napola. When the Hitler Youth was devoted to organizing the extra-curricular life of male adolescents, the Bund Deutscher Mädel BDM , occupied female adolescents from 14 to 18 years.
Founded in , the movement was needed after the law of December 1, It was led from to by Trude Mohr , then from to by the psychologist Jutta Rüdiger.
There also existed a required six-month work service, the Reichsarbeitsdienst der weiblichen Jugend National Young Women's Work Service , completed in with six extra months in the Kriegshilfsdienst for the war effort.
For young women aged 18 to 25 years old wishing to find work, in the Pflichtjahr was instituted, one year of obligatory service in farming or domestic work.
Women could be members of the Nazi Party , but newcomers to the party were only admitted if they were "useful" nurses or cooks for example.
On 31 December , the NSF counted , members. The NSF was directed by Gertrud Scholtz-Klink , who had the title of Reichsführerin; she called the members "my daughters" and acquired a strong influence over them and a certain credibility.
Her views on women were obviously in agreement with those of Adolf Hitler, but she still defended access to some positions of responsibility.
She did not participate in major meetings of the party but was invited to the party congress. Housekeeping training was promoted through Frauenwerk German Women's Work , which opened thematic courses for "ethnically pure" women.
It is notable, however, that although there were numerous courses for domestic training, gymnastics and music, they deserted those oriented towards antireligious teaching.
The NS-Frauenschaft "played no political role and did not oppose the loss of hard-won women's rights. It defended the role of the mother of the family at home, conscious of their duties at the heart of the community.
During the Second World War, temporarily contradicting their past claims, the National Socialists changed policy and allowed women to join the German army.
Adolf Hitler had already affirmed in a speech to activists of the National Socialist Women's League on September 13, "We possess a generation of healthy men - and we, National Socialists, are going to watch - Germany will not form any section of women grenade throwers or any corps of women elite snipers.
Other women also worked in factories or in military education. Military members of the Reichsbahn National Company of Railways or the Feuerwehr firefighters wore uniforms appropriate to the era, especially with a skirt.
We often hear, even from the women, the most diverse objections against work in arms factories. The question of knowing whether we can require such work of this or that particular woman is now well past.
Beginning in , the Reich Minister of the Economy introduced the job training program called Berufsausbildungsprogramm Ost for farming duty in the East not to be confused with the ethnic cleansing of Generalplan Ost.
He extended the existing laws of the Reich, concerning the protection of minors and of employment standards for the League of German Girls Bund Deutscher Mädel Osteinsatz , [57] for whom such work was compulsory.
Adolescent girls were employed in the Brandebourg Market for the agricultural work program. The educated women in the women's league and made available to the Wehrmacht not only have to type and work, but also be soldiers of the Führer.
The Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels in his Sportspalast speech delivered on February 18, at the Berlin Sports Hall, called on German women to work, and to be sober in their commitment:.
In , there numbered , women auxiliaries in the Wehrmacht Wehrmachtshelferinnen , [33] who were at the heart of the Heer , the Luftwaffe and the Kriegsmarine.
About half of them were volunteers, the others performing obligatory service connected to the war effort Kriegshilfsdienst.
Military members of the Reichsbahn National Company of Railways or the Feuerwehr firefighters wore uniforms appropriate to the era, especially with a skirt.
We often hear, even from the women, the most diverse objections against work in arms factories. The question of knowing whether we can require such work of this or that particular woman is now well past.
Beginning in , the Reich Minister of the Economy introduced the job training program called Berufsausbildungsprogramm Ost for farming duty in the East not to be confused with the ethnic cleansing of Generalplan Ost.
He extended the existing laws of the Reich, concerning the protection of minors and of employment standards for the League of German Girls Bund Deutscher Mädel Osteinsatz , [57] for whom such work was compulsory.
Adolescent girls were employed in the Brandebourg Market for the agricultural work program. The educated women in the women's league and made available to the Wehrmacht not only have to type and work, but also be soldiers of the Führer.
The Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels in his Sportspalast speech delivered on February 18, at the Berlin Sports Hall, called on German women to work, and to be sober in their commitment:.
In , there numbered , women auxiliaries in the Wehrmacht Wehrmachtshelferinnen , [33] who were at the heart of the Heer , the Luftwaffe and the Kriegsmarine.
About half of them were volunteers, the others performing obligatory service connected to the war effort Kriegshilfsdienst. They took part, under the same authority as prisoners of war Hiwis , as auxiliary personnel of the army Behelfspersonal and they were assigned to duties not only within the heart of the Reich, but to a lesser extent, to the occupied territories, for example in the General government of occupied Poland , in France , and later in Yugoslavia , in Greece and in Romania.
They were in charge of auxiliary transmissions telephone, radio operators, stenographers in the SS and sometimes in camps these were the Aufseherin , see next section.
There was an internal hierarchy in the women's wing of the SS, which had no influence on the male troops, although the titles designated to the women sometimes had an influence upon the owners.
They had to meet certain physical criteria determined by the regime: they must be aged 17 to 30 years and measure more than 1.
Women enrolled at the Reichsschule-SS came from various economic, class and educational backgrounds and included a member of the aristocracy in the ranks, Princess Ingeborg Alix.
Mühlenberg is very careful not to generalise and tar all the SS-Helferinnen with the same brush.
Mühlenberg focuses on de-Nazification in the American sector, although the British zone is also discussed.
A detailed report was drawn up by the Americans about the school, indicating how the women of the school should be dealt with; they were to be automatically detained Mühlenberg concludes that the guilt of the former SS-Helferinnen lies in their voluntary participation in the bureaucratic apparatus of the SS.
The school closed in due to the advance of the Allies. They were guards, secretaries or nurses. They arrived before the start of the war, some of them being trained from in Lichtenburg.
This took place due to the need for personnel following the growing number of political prisoners after the Kristallnacht on 8 and 9 November After , they were trained at Camp Ravensbrück near Berlin.
Coming mostly from lower- or middle-class social origins, they previously worked in traditional professions hairdresser, teacher, for example but were, in contrast to men who were required to fulfill military serve, the women were driven by a sincere desire to reach the female wing of the SS, the SS-Gefolge.
They worked at the Auschwitz and Majdanek camps beginning in The following year, the Nazis began the conscription of women because of the shortage of guards.
Seven Aufseherinnen served at Vught , 24 were at Buchenwald , 34 at Bergen-Belsen , 19 at Dachau , 20 at Mauthausen , three at Mittelbau-Dora , seven at Natzweiler-Struthof , twenty at Majdanek, at Auschwitz and its sub-camps, at Sachsenhausen , at Neuengamme , 47 at Stutthof, compared with who served at Ravensbrück , at Flossenbürg and at Gross-Rosen.
Many supervisors worked in the sub-camps in Germany , some in France , Austria , Czechoslovakia and Poland. There was a hierarchy within the Aufseherin position, including the following higher ranks: the Rapportaufseherin head Aufseherin , the Erstaufseherin first guard , the Lagerführerin head of the camp , and finally, the Oberaufseherin senior inspector , a post only occupied by Anna Klein and Luise Brunner.
Under the same threats as men who were Jews or Romani , women belonging to these communities were equally discriminated against, then deported and for some exterminated.
In many concentration camps there were sections for female detainees notably at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen but the camp at Ravensbrück , opened in May , distinguished itself as a camp solely for women, by numbering about , prisoners.
The first women's concentration camp had been opened in in Moringen , before being transferred to Lichtenburg in In concentration camps, women were considered weaker than men, and they were generally sent to the gas chambers more quickly, whereas the strength of men was used to work the men to exhaustion.
Some women were subjected to medical experiments. They succeeded in partially destroying Crematorium IV.
In addition to the resistors forced into their commitment because of their risk of being deported and exterminated because of their race, some were also committed against the German Nazi regime.
Monique Moser-Verrey notes however:. If we can say that, among the persecuted minorities, women are more often spared than men, it is their low status in a society dominated by men that did not make them sizeable enemies of the regime, however, it is they who understood the need to hide or flee before their misled spouses, whose social inclusion was more complete.
The student Communist Liselotte Herrmann protested in against the appointment of Adolf Hitler as chancellor and managed to get information to foreign governments about the rearmament of Germany.
In she was arrested, sentenced to death two years later and executed in She was the first German mother to suffer the death penalty since the beginning of the regime.
Twenty women from Düsseldorf, who saw their fathers, brothers and son deported to the camp Börgermoor , managed to smuggle out the famous The Song of the deportees and make it known.
The resistor Maria Terwiel helped to spread knowledge of the famous sermons condemning the Nazi movement given by Clemens von Galen , Bishop of Munster, as well as helping Jews escape to abroad.
She was executed on 5 August Hilde Meisel attempted in to galvanize British public opinion against the Nazi regime. She returned to Germany during the war but was executed at the bend of a road.
While many of them acted in cooperation with other family members, some of these courageous women were the initiators of the rescue and acted independently to save Jews.
Although women did not have political power in Nazi Germany, a circle of influence did exist around Adolf Hitler.
Magda Goebbels became known by the nickname "First Lady of the Third Reich": she represented the regime during State visits and official events.
Her marriage to Goebbels on December 19, was considered a society event, where Leni Riefenstahl was a notable guest. Eleonore Baur , a friend of Hitler since she had participated in the Beer Hall putsch was the only woman to receive the Blood Order ; she also participated in official receptions and was close to Heinrich Himmler , who even named her a colonel of the SS and permitted her free access to the concentration camps, which she went to regularly, particularly Dachau.
Women were also able to distinguish themselves in certain domains, but they were the exceptions that proved the rule.
Thus Leni Riefenstahl was the official film director of the regime and was given enormous funding for her cinematic productions Triumph of the Will , and Olympia.
Winifred Wagner directed the highly publicized Bayreuth Festival , and soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf was promoted as the "Nazi diva", as noted by an American newspaper.
Hanna Reitsch , an aviator, distinguished herself with her handling of test aircraft and military projects of the regime, notably the V1 flying bomb.
Eva Braun , companion and then wife of Adolf Hitler. Jutta Rüdiger , the head of the Bund Deutscher Mädel. Filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl with Heinrich Himmler.
Opera singer Elisabeth Schwarzkopf. The little daughter's on the mattress, Dead. How many have been on her A platoon, a company perhaps?
A girl's been turned into a woman, A woman turned into a corpse. It's all come down to simple phrases: Do not forget! Do not forgive! Blood for blood!
A tooth for a tooth! Alexander Solzhenitsyn [79]. After the collapse of Nazi Germany, many German women nicknamed Trümmerfrauen "Rubble Women" participated in the rebuilding of Germany by clearing up the ruins resulting from the war.
In the Soviet occupation zone, more than two million women were victims of rape. As the Soviets entered German territory, German women typically had no choice, save suicide, to comply.
Age did not matter with victimization crossing the generational strata entirely. What Solzhenitsyn's poem also reveals is the penchant for revenge the Red Army exacted upon Germany, a recompense promulgated by Soviet leaders.
Soviet troops were given a certain degree of license in the early victories in repulsing the Germans, as even Josef Stalin expressed outright indifference towards rape.
Even when not raped, women hid in apartments, cellars, and closets for fear of being violated, experiencing hunger, fear, and loneliness which left psychological scars for years to come.
The question of the culpability of the German people in their support of Nazism has long overshadowed the women, who had little political power under the regime.
Thus, as explained by the German historian Gisela Bock , who was involved with the first historians to highlight this issue, by asking women during the Nazi era.
In terms of voting patterns, a higher proportion of male voters supported the Nazi party compared to female voters. However, the simplicity of this analysis tends to disappear with recent studies.
In , historian Claudia Koonz , in "Mothers in Fatherland, Women, the Family and Nazi Politics" questioned this statement and acknowledged some guilt.
She states as follows: "Far from being impressionable or innocent, women made possible State murder in the name of interests that they defined as maternal.
They therefore helped to stabilize the system. The women took pleasure in politics and eugenics of the state, which promised financial assistance if the birth rate was high, so they would help to stabilize the system "by preserving the illusion of love in an environment of hate.
Kate Docking, in her book review of Female Administrators of the Third Reich writes that, "The key merit of this monograph is that it makes visible the women who ultimately allowed the Holocaust to occur: as the author notes, while these women did not execute orders for the persecution of Jews themselves, the genocide could not have been accomplished without those who typed the orders, answered the telephones, and sent the telegrams.
Female administrators had the opportunity to question their orders and find out more about the Holocaust, but generally, they did not.
They had some awareness of the Holocaust, and did nothing. Many recalled their time working for the Third Reich with fondness and nostalgia. The entire population of German women almost forty million in cannot be considered a victim group.
One-third of the female population, thirteen million women, were actively engaged in a Nazi Party organisation, and female membership in the Nazi Party increased steadily until the end of the war.
Just as the agency of women in history more generally is under-appreciated, here too - and perhaps even more problematically, given the legal and moral implications - the agency of women in the crimes of the Third Reich has not been fully elaborated and explained.
Vast numbers of ordinary German women were not victims, and routine forms of female participation in the Holocaust have not yet been disclosed.
Such realities make it abundantly clear that by the time the war ended, German women had traversed the full-circle of being once sheltered incubators for the Aryan future to effectual contributors in the Nazi concentration camp system.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Nazi policies regarding the role of women in German society. Science Technology. Arts Humanities.
Popular culture. By country. Main article: Female guards in Nazi concentration camps. Screenwriter Thea von Harbou. Aviator Hanna Reitsch.
Prussian Nights The little daughter's on the mattress, Dead. Retrieved June 21, Die Hitlerbewegung.
Deckers Verlag G. Schenck, Hamburg. Retrieved August 21, Women in Nazi Germany , p. Women in Nazi Germany , pp. Tome I. Women of the Third Reich , p.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Hamilton, Who voted for Hitler? Women of the Third Reich , pp. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Fashion Women in the Third Reich. Oxford: Berg. Cambridge: Cambridge. Journal of Popular Culture. XXXIV : — Evans The Third Reich in Power.
Penguin Books. Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford University Press. Clarendon Press. Retrieved August 25, These are often inspired by godparents or other relatives.
As is the case almost anywhere, German children's names can be subject to tradition, trend and the names of popular sports heroes and other cultural icons.
An approximate pronunciation guide for some names is shown in brackets. Greek , Lat. OHG "beraht" means "shining.
Possibly originally Germanic; "very wise. Low German and Frisian name used as a nickname for "Gerhard" and other names with "Ger-.
Golo Old Germanic name, a short form of names with "Gode-" or "Gott-". Old German male names with "God" and adjective. Walpurga in the eighth century, an Anglo-Saxon missionary and abbess in Germany.
Naming things Namensgebung , as well as people, is a popular German pastime. While the rest of the world may name hurricanes or typhoons, the German Weather Service Deutscher Wetterdienst has gone so far as to name ordinary high hoch and low tief pressure zones.
Since , they have alternated in even and odd years. Boys and girls in the German-speaking world born at the end of the s bear first names that are very different from earlier generations or children born even a decade earlier.
Here are some common traditional and contemporary German girl names and their meanings. German Girls' First Names - Vornamen.
Waldtraut, Waltraud , Waltraut , Waltrud. Old German name meaning roughly "strong ruler. Share Flipboard Email. Hyde Flippo.
German Expert. Hyde Flippo taught the German language for 28 years at high school and college levels and published several books on the German language and culture.
Updated February 28, Name day: Aug. OHG "fried" means "peace. Amadeus, Amadeo Lat. Arminius Hermann , who defeated the Romans in Germania in 9 A.
Artur, Arthur from Engl. Arthur August in , Augusta from Lat. Arnd, Arndt, Arno are derived from Arnold. From Baldr, Germanic god of light and fertility Berti m.
Related to Engl. Baldwin, Fren. The martyr Christophorus "Christ-bearer" died in the third century. Clemens, Klemens from the Lat. OHG "erken" means "noble, genuine, true.
From German "ernst" serious, decisive Erwin An old Germanic name that evolved from Herwin "friend of the army". The female Erwine is rare today.
Felix From Lat. The Habsburgs adopted the name in the 16th century. Florian , Florianus m. From Lat. Florus , "blooming" Frank Although the name means "of the Franks" Germanic tribe , the name only became popular in Germany in the 19th century because of the English name.
Georg m. Götz Old German name, short for "Gott" names, especially "Gottfried. Hartmann Old German name "hard" and "man" popular in the Middle Ages.
Rarely used today; more common as a surname. Hartmut m. More under Heinrich below. Hasso Old German name derived from "Hesse" Hessian.
Once used only by nobility, the name is today a popular German name for dogs. The old German phrase "Freund Hein" means death. Walter , Walther Old Germanic name meaning "army commander.
Welf Old German name meaning "young dog;" a nickname used by the royal house of the Welfs Welfen. Related to Welfhard, Old German name meaning "strong pup;" not used today Waldebert Old German name meaning roughly "shining ruler.
Waldemar Bonsels was a German writer Biene Maja. Wendelin Short or familiar form of names with Wendel -; once a popular German name because of St. Wendelin seventh cent.
The first element of the name weri may refer to a Germanic tribe; the second part heri means "army.
Amalfrieda OHG "fried" means "peace. Agathe, Agatha from Gr. Today Anthony is a popular name in many languages. Beate, Beate, Beatrix, Beatrice from Lat.
Popular German name in the s and '70s. Barbara : From the Greek barbaros and Latin barbarus, -a, -um words for foreign later: rough, barbaric.
The name was first made popular in Europe through the veneration of Barbara of Nicomedia , a legendary holy figure see below said to have been martyred in
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