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Im England des Jahres werden Katholiken unter der Schreckensherrschaft des protestantischen Königs James I. verfolgt. Das Ausleben des katholischen Glauben steht unter Todesstrafe verboten. Trotzdem suchen junge Jesuiten nach einem Priester. Gunpowder ist eine britische Miniserie, zu deren ausführenden Produzenten Kit Harington gehört. Sie basiert auf dem Gunpowder Plot, dem Plan von. Der Gunpowder Plot (deutsch: Pulververschwörung, seinerzeit als powder treason, „Pulververrat“, bekannt) war ein Versuch britischer Katholiken, während der. gunpowder. Worttrennung: gun pow·der, Plural: gun pow·ders. Aussprache: IPA: [ ] Hörbeispiele: —. Bedeutungen: [1] Schießpulver, Schwarzpulver. Herkunft. Worttrennung: gun·pow·der, Plural: gun·pow·ders. Aussprache: IPA: [ ] Hörbeispiele: —. Bedeutungen: [1] Schießpulver: [2] kurz für: gunpowder tea. Synonyme. Gunpowder. Staffel 1. () Im Jahr hallen die religiösen-politischen Unruhen in England weiter nach. Seit Heinrich VIII. die anglikanische Kirche. Das Pufferchen, a pocket - pistol Gun - powder, is very frequently known or small gun. Only by the name of Pulver fimply. Puls Puffig, adj. and adv. puffed.
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Quando Rondo - Gun Powder (Official Video) Two pour the powder. Lavoisier instituted a crash program to increase saltpeter production, revised and later eliminated the droit de fouilleresearched best refining and powder manufacturing methods, instituted management and record-keeping, and established pricing that encouraged private investment in works. Www.Zdf Live commanding general kept his position on high ground, and directed the various detachments as need be with signals from hand-drums. Once the fire goes off it completely spews the rear pellet wad forth, and the sound is like a bomb that can be heard for five hundred or more paces. XI, p. Originally, this Tote Schlafen Besser with a mortar-and-pestle or a similarly operating stamping-mill, using Brooklyn Nine Nine Stream, bronze or other non-sparking materials, until supplanted by the rotating ball mill principle with non-sparking bronze or lead. These weapons were transformational for European warfare. When faced with cannons and arquebuses wielded by the Ottomans they criticized Braveheart German Stream thus, "God curse the man who Www.Kinofilmegucken.De Kostenlos them, and God curse the man who fires on Muslims with them. System Requirements Windows. Further information: History of the firearm. They are differentiated from older firearms by John Oliver assortment of improvements. It was not understood in the U. Gunpowder Gun Powder, also known as the retronym black powder to distinguish it from Sport1livestream smokeless powderis the earliest known chemical explosive. Berkeley: University of California Press. When the cannon was fired through the touchhole, turbulence from the initial surface combustion caused the rest of the powder to be rapidly exposed to the flame. Further information: ArquebusMusketand Matchlock. Within four weeks all four gates were Serien Stream Royals heavy Frederick Koehler. A bibliography of Sinnliche Bilder books: works on recreative fireworks from the sixteenth to the twentieth century.Gun Powder Inhaltsverzeichnis
Hugh Alexander. Robert Emms. Man feiert jedes Jahr am 5. Schwarzpulver umfasst. Genau: Sebastian Winkler. Bis heute durchsuchen die Macbeth Stream of the Guard die Keller unter den Houses of Parliament Siren Stream der jährlichen Parlamentseröffnung durch den regierenden Monarchen.Scholars suggest that the lack of gunpowder weapons in a well-traveled Venetian's catalogue for a new crusade in implies that guns were unknown in Europe up until this point.
The French raiding party that sacked and burned Southampton in brought with them a ribaudequin and 48 bolts but only 3 pounds of gunpowder.
In , two iron cannons were present in Toulouse. In Aix-la-Chapelle too possessed iron cannons which shot arrows busa ferrea ad sagittandum tonitrum.
Around the late 14th century European and Ottoman guns began to deviate in purpose and design from guns in China, changing from small anti-personnel and incendiary devices to the larger artillery pieces most people imagine today when using the word "cannon.
In the last quarter of the 14th century, European guns grew larger and began to blast down fortifications. Western European handgun, The Mörkö gun is another early Swedish firearm discovered by a fisherman in the Baltic Sea at the coast of Södermansland near Nynäs in It has been given a date of c.
The Tannenberg handgonne is a cast bronze firearm. Found in the water well of the destroyed Tannenberg castle. Oldest surviving firearm from Germany.
In Southeast Asia , the Mongol invasion of Java in brought gunpowder technology to the Nusantara archipelago in the form of cannon Chinese: Pao.
It was brought by the Islamic nations of West Asia, most probably the Arabs. The precise year of introduction is unknown, but it may be safely concluded to be no earlier than Cannons were used by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in during its invasion of the Khmer Empire.
Saltpeter harvesting was recorded by Dutch and German travelers as being common in even the smallest villages and was collected from the decomposition process of large dung hills specifically piled for the purpose.
The Dutch punishment for possession of non-permitted gunpowder appears to have been amputation. Gunpowder technology is believed to have arrived in India by the midth century, but could have been introduced much earlier by the Mongols , who had conquered both China and some borderlands of India, perhaps as early as the midth century.
The unification of a large single Mongol Empire resulted in the free transmission of Chinese technology into Mongol conquered parts of India. Regardless, it is believed that the Mongols used Chinese gunpowder weapons during their invasions of India.
Firearms known as top-o-tufak also existed in the Vijayanagara Empire of India by as early as CE. The south Indian kingdoms imported their gunners topci and artillery from Turkey and the Arab countries, with whom they had developed good relations.
Korea began production of gunpowder during the years — This "Munjong Hwacha" is the well-known type today, and could fire rocket arrows or small Chongtong bullets at one time with changeable modules.
At the time, 50 units were deployed in Hanseong present-day Seoul , and another 80 on the northern border. By the end of , hundreds of hwachas were deployed throughout Korea.
Naval gunpowder weapons also appeared and were rapidly adopted by Korean ships for conflicts against Japanese pirates in and By , Korean ships were reported to have equipped artillery of some sort.
Mortars firing thunder-crash bombs are known to have been used, and four types of cannons are mentioned: chonja heaven , chija earth , hyonja black , and hwangja yellow , but their specifications are unknown.
These cannons typically shot wooden arrows tipped with iron, the longest of which were nine feet long, but stone and iron balls were sometimes used as well.
However Japanese samurai used Fire lances in 15th-century. Imported from Arabia , and the wider Islamic world, the Adalites, led by Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , were the first African power to introduce cannon warfare to the African continent.
The conflict proved, through their use on both sides, the value of firearms such as the matchlock musket , cannon, and the arquebus over traditional weapons.
Ernest Gellner in his book ' Nations and Nationalism ' argues that the centralizing potential of the gun and the book, enabled both the Somali people and the Amhara people to dominate the political history of a vast area in Africa, despite neither of them being numerically predominant.
Each of these ethnic groups was aided in its use of these two pieces of cultural equipment by its link to other members of the wider religious civilization which habitually used them, and were willing to replenish their stock.
The 15th through 18th centuries saw widespread improvement in gunpowder technology. Military developments in Europe and the aggressive application of technological advances in this period is usually referred to as early modern warfare , when Europe gained a global advantage in deep-water warfare and fortress architecture.
Gunpowder remained of central importance until it was replaced by more advanced explosives beginning in the s.
Gun development and proliferation in China continued under the Ming dynasty. The success of its founder Zhu Yuanzhang , who declared his reign to be the era of Hongwu, or "Great Martiality," has often been attributed to his effective use of guns.
Most early Ming guns weighed two to three kilograms while guns considered "large" at the time weighed around only seventy-five kilograms.
Ming sources suggest guns such as these shot stones and iron balls, but were primarily used against men rather than for causing structural damage to ships or walls.
Accuracy was low and they were limited to a range of only 50 paces or so. Despite the relatively small size of Ming guns, some elements of gunpowder weapon design followed world trends.
The practice of corning gunpowder had been developed by for the purpose of increasing explosive power in land mines, [] and was arguably used in guns as well according to one record of a fire-tube shooting a projectile meters, which was probably only possible at the time with the usage of corned powder.
The great general and divine cannons were the last indigenous Chinese cannon designs prior to the incorporation of European models in the 16th century.
The lack of larger siege weapons in China unlike the rest of the world where cannons grew larger and more potent has been attributed to the immense thickness of traditional Chinese walls, [] which Tonio Andrade suggests provided no incentive for creating larger cannons, since even industrial artillery had trouble overcoming them.
An organ gun known as the 'mother of a hundred bullets gun' zi mu bai dan chong from the Huolongjing. An illustration of a bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the Huolongjing.
A seven barreled organ gun with two auxiliary guns by its side on a two-wheeled carriage. From the Huolongjing. A 'barbarian attacking cannon' as depicted in the Huolongjing.
Chains are attached to the cannon to adjust recoil. A depiction of the "crouching tiger cannon" from the Huolongjing. The development of large artillery pieces began with Burgundy.
Originally a minor power, it grew to become one of the most powerful states in 14th-century Europe, and a great innovator in siege warfare.
The Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Bold — , based his power on the effective use of big guns and promoted research and development in all aspects of gunpowder weaponry technology.
Philip established manufacturers and employed more cannon casters than any European power before him. These guns fired projectiles far larger than any that had been used before, with seven guns that could shoot projectiles as heavy as 90 kilograms.
The cannons smashed the city walls, inaugurating a new era of artillery warfare and Burgundy's territories rapidly expanded.
Europe entered an arms race to build ever larger artillery pieces. These weapons were transformational for European warfare.
A hundred years earlier the Frenchman Pierre Dubois wrote that a "castle can hardly be taken within a year, and even if it does fall, it means more expenses for the king's purse and for his subjects than the conquest is worth," [] but by the 15th century European walls fell with the utmost regularity.
The Ottoman Empire was also developing their own artillery pieces. Mehmed the Conqueror — was determined to procure large cannons for the purpose of conquering Constantinople.
Hungarian Urban produced for him a six-meter foot long cannon, which required hundreds of pounds of gunpowder to fire; during the actual siege of Constantinople the gun proved to be somewhat underwhelming.
Faule Magd "Lazy Maid" , a medieval cannon from c. Mons Meg , a medieval Bombard weapon built in As a response to gunpowder artillery, European fortifications began displaying architectural principles such as lower and thicker walls in the mids.
However this proved problematic as the slow rate of fire, reverberating concussions, and noxious fumes produced greatly hindered defenders. Gun towers also limited the size and number of cannon placements because the rooms could only be built so big.
The star fort, also known as the bastion fort, trace italienne , or renaissance fortress, was a style of fortification that became popular in Europe during the 16th century.
The bastion and star fort was developed in Italy, where the Florentine engineer Giuliano da Sangallo — compiled a comprehensive defensive plan using the geometric bastion and full trace italienne that became widespread in Europe.
The main distinguishing features of the star fort were its angle bastions, each placed to support their neighbor with lethal crossfire, covering all angles, making them extremely difficult to engage with and attack.
Angle bastions consisted of two faces and two flanks. Artillery positions positioned at the flanks could fire parallel into the opposite bastion's line of fire, thus providing two lines of cover fire against an armed assault on the wall, and preventing mining parties from finding refuge.
Meanwhile, artillery positioned on the bastion platform could fire frontally from the two faces, also providing overlapping fire with the opposite bastion.
As a result, sieges lasted longer and became more difficult affairs. By the s the bastion fort had become the dominant defensive structure in Italy.
Outside Europe, the star fort became an "engine of European expansion," [] and acted as a force multiplier so that small European garrisons could hold out against numerically superior forces.
Wherever star forts were erected the natives experienced great difficulty in uprooting European invaders. In China, Sun Yuanhua advocated for the construction of angled bastion forts in his Xifashenji so that their cannons could better support each other.
The officials Han Yun and Han Lin noted that cannons on square forts could not support each side as well as bastion forts.
Their efforts to construct bastion forts and their results were inconclusive. Ma Weicheng built two bastion forts in his home county, which helped fend off a Qing incursion in By , there were ten bastion forts in the county.
Before bastion forts could be spread any further, the Ming dynasty fell in , and they were largely forgotten as the Qing dynasty was on the offensive most of the time and had no use for them.
Gun development and design in Europe reached its "classic" form in the s — longer, lighter, more efficient, and more accurate compared to its predecessors only three decades prior.
The design persisted, and cannons of the s show little difference and surprising similarity with cannons three centuries later in the s.
This year period during which the classic cannon dominated gives it its moniker. They are differentiated from older firearms by an assortment of improvements.
Their longer length-to-bore ratio imparts more energy into the shot, enabling the projectile to shoot further.
Not only longer, they were also lighter as the barrel walls were made thinner to allow for faster dissipation of heat.
They also no longer needed the help of a wooden plug to load since they offered a tighter fit between projectile and barrel, further increasing the accuracy of gunpowder warfare [] — and were deadlier due to developments such as gunpowder corning and iron shot.
When these guns reached China in the s, the Chinese were highly impressed by them, primarily for their longer and thinner barrels.
The two primary theories for the appearance of the classic gun involve the development of gunpowder corning and a new method for casting guns.
The corning hypothesis stipulates that the longer barrels came about as a reaction to the development of corned gunpowder. Not only did "corned" powder keep better, because of its reduced surface area, but gunners also found that it was more powerful and easier to load into guns.
Prior to corning, gunpowder would also frequently demix into its constitutive components and was therefore unreliable.
The second theory is that the key to developing the classic gun may have been a new method of gun casting, muzzle side up.
They do not look like the long thin gun. The explanation is, probably, that they were cast muzzle down in the traditional bell-founding method whereas the long thin guns were cast muzzle up.
Once the technique of casting muzzle up with the attendant advantages, and it is not clear what those are at present, had been mastered by cannon founders, the way was open for the development of the 'classic' form of artillery.
Across the 15th and 16th centuries there were primarily two different types of manufactured cannons. The wrought iron cannon and the cast-bronze cannon.
Wrought iron guns were structurally composed of two layers: an inner tube of iron staves held together in a tight fit by an outer case of iron hoops.
Bronze cannons on the other hand were cast in one piece similar to bells. The technique used in casting bronze cannons was so similar to the bell that the two were often looked upon as a connected enterprise.
Both iron and bronze cannons had their advantages and disadvantages. Forged iron cannons were up to ten times cheaper, but more unstable due to their piece built nature.
Even without use, iron cannons were liable to rust away, while bronze cannons did not. Another reason for the dominance of bronze cannons was their aesthetic appeal.
Because cannons were so important as displays of power and prestige, rulers liked to commission bronze cannons, which could be sculpted into fanciful designs containing artistic motifs or symbols.
It was for all these reasons that the cast-bronze cannon became the preferred type by the late s. They were lighter, stronger, longer lasting, and able to withstand more intensive explosive pressure.
Chinese artisans also experimented with other variants such as cannons featuring wrought iron cores with cast iron exteriors.
While inferior to their bronze-iron counterparts, these were considerably cheaper and more durable than standard iron cannons.
Both types were met with success and were considered "among the best in the world" [] during the 17th century. The Chinese composite metal casting technique was effective enough that Portuguese imperial officials sought to employ Chinese gunsmiths for their cannon foundries in Goa, so that they could impart their methods for Portuguese weapons manufacturing.
However the effort required to produce these weapons prevented them from mass production. The Europeans essentially treated them as experimental products, resulting in very few surviving pieces today.
The arquebus was a firearm that appeared in Europe and the Ottoman Empire in the early 15th century. Its name is derived from the German word Hackenbüchse.
Although the term arquebus was applied to many different forms of firearms from the 15th to 17th centuries, it was originally used to describe "a hand-gun with a hook-like projection or lug on its under surface, useful for steadying it against battlements or other objects when firing.
The musket was able to penetrate all forms of armor available at the time, making armor obsolete, and as a consequence the heavy musket as well.
Although there is relatively little to no difference in design between arquebus and musket except in size and strength, it was the term musket which remained in use up into the s.
At least on one occasion the musket and arquebus have been used interchangeably to refer to the same weapon, [] and even referred to as an "arquebus musket.
The dating of the matchlock firing mechanism's first appearance is disputed. The first references to the use of what may have been arquebuses tüfek by the Janissary corps of the Ottoman army date them from to The matchlock arquebus was the first firearm equipped with a trigger mechanism.
Matchlock became a common term for the arquebus after it was added to the firearm. Prior to the appearance of the matchlock, handguns were fired from the chest, tucked under one arm, while the other arm maneuvered a hot pricker to the touch hole to ignite the gunpowder.
The lock mechanism held within a clamp a two to three feet long length of smoldering rope soaked in saltpeter, which was the match.
While matchlocks provided a crucial advantage by allowing the user to aim the firearm using both hands, it was also awkward to utilize.
In some instances the match would also go out, so both ends of the match were kept lit. This proved cumbersome to maneuver as both hands were required to hold the match during removal, one end in each hand.
The procedure was so complex that a drill manual published by Jacob de Gheyn in the Netherlands listed 28 steps just to fire and load the gun.
Two pour the powder. Three tamp the powder down. Four drop the pellet. Five drive the pellet down. Six put in paper stopper.
Seven drive the paper down. Eight open the flashpan cover. Nine pour in the flash powder. Ten close the flashpan, and clamp the fuse.
Eleven, listen for the signal, then open the flashpan cover. Aiming at the enemy, raise your gun and fire. The arquebus is considered to be the first portable "shoulder" arms firearm.
Likewise, the Castilians used arquebuses as well in When faced with cannons and arquebuses wielded by the Ottomans they criticized them thus, "God curse the man who invented them, and God curse the man who fires on Muslims with them.
However, in an Ottoman army of 12, soldiers wielding arquebuses still managed to rout a much larger Mamluk force.
While a bow potentially took years to master, an effective arquebusier could be trained in just two weeks. In the early s a larger arquebus known as the musket appeared.
The heavy musket, while being rather awkward to handle, requiring a fork rest to fire properly, had the advantage of being able to penetrate the best armor within a range of meters, regular armor at meters, and an unarmed man at meters.
However, both the musket and arquebus were effectively limited to a range of only 90 to meters regardless of armor since they were incredibly inaccurate.
The average Mamluk archer for example was capable of hitting targets only 68 meters far away but could keep up a pace of six to eight shots per minute.
In comparison, sixteenth-century matchlocks fired off one shot every several minutes, and much less when taking into consideration misfires and malfunctions which occurred up to half the time.
This is not to say that firearms of the 16th century were inferior to the bow and arrow, for it could better penetrate armor and required less training, but the disadvantages of the musket were very real, and it would not be until the s that archers were for the most part phased out of European warfare.
As the virtues of the musket became apparent it was quickly adopted throughout Eurasia so that by even in China generals were giving praise to the new weapon.
Qi Jiguang, a noted partisan of the musket, gave a eulogy on the effectiveness of the gun in It is unlike any other of the many types of fire weapons.
In strength it can pierce armor. In accuracy it can strike the center of targets, even to the point of hitting the eye of a coin [i.
The Vietnamese matchlock was said to have been able to pierce several layers of iron armour, kill two to five men in one shot, yet also fire quietly for a weapon of its caliber.
Hogdson applied the term "gunpowder empire" to three Islamic political entities he identified as separate from the unstable, geographically limited confederations of Turkic clans that prevailed in post-Mongol times.
He called them "military patronage states of the Later Middle Period," which possessed three defining characteristics: first, a legitimization of independent dynastic law; second, the conception of the whole state as a single military force; third, the attempt to explain all economic and high cultural resources as appanages of the chief military families.
William H. McNeill further expanded on the concept of gunpowder empires by arguing that such states "were able to monopolize the new artillery, central authorities were able to unite larger territories into new, or newly consolidated, empires.
In Douglas E. Streusand criticized the Hodgson-McNeill Gunpowder-Empire hypothesis, calling it into disfavor as a neither "adequate [n]or accurate" explanation, although the term remains in use.
Moreover, it seems that the commitment to military autocratic rule pre-dated the acquisition of gunpowder weapons in all three cases. Whether or not gunpowder was inherently linked to the existence of any of these three empires, it cannot be questioned that each of the three acquired artillery and firearms early in their history and made such weapons an integral part of their military tactics.
It's not certain when the Ottomans started using firearms, however it's argued that they had been using cannons since the Battles of Kosovo and Nukap and most certainly by the s.
In India, guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut and Diu Fathullah Shirazi c. Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannons loaded with gunpowder.
The state-controlled manufacture of gunpowder by the Ottoman Empire through early supply chains to obtain nitre, sulfur and high-quality charcoal from oaks in Anatolia contributed significantly to its expansion between the 15th and 18th century.
It was not until later in the 19th century when the syndicalist production of Turkish gunpowder was greatly reduced, which coincided with the decline of its military might.
Some sources mention possible gunpowder weapons being deployed by the Mongols against European forces at the Battle of Mohi in Records show that, in England, gunpowder was being made in at the Tower of London ; a powder house existed at the Tower in ; and in three King's gunpowder makers worked there.
In late 14th century Europe, gunpowder was improved by corning , the practice of drying gunpowder into small clumps to improve combustion and consistency.
During the Renaissance, two European schools of pyrotechnic thought emerged, one in Italy and the other at Nuremberg, Germany.
It was published posthumously in , with 9 editions over years, and also reprinted by MIT Press in By the midth century fireworks were used for entertainment on an unprecedented scale in Europe, being popular even at resorts and public gardens.
After he discovered that France was not self-sufficient in gunpowder, a Gunpowder Administration was established; to head it, the lawyer Antoine Lavoisier was appointed.
Although from a bourgeois family, after his degree in law Lavoisier became wealthy from a company set up to collect taxes for the Crown; this allowed him to pursue experimental natural science as a hobby.
Without access to cheap saltpeter controlled by the British , for hundreds of years France had relied on saltpetremen with royal warrants, the droit de fouille or "right to dig", to seize nitrous-containing soil and demolish walls of barnyards, without compensation to the owners.
Lavoisier instituted a crash program to increase saltpeter production, revised and later eliminated the droit de fouille , researched best refining and powder manufacturing methods, instituted management and record-keeping, and established pricing that encouraged private investment in works.
Although saltpeter from new Prussian-style putrefaction works had not been produced yet the process taking about 18 months , in only a year France had gunpowder to export.
A chief beneficiary of this surplus was the American Revolution. By careful testing and adjusting the proportions and grinding time, powder from mills such as at Essonne outside Paris became the best in the world by , and inexpensive.
Two British physicists, Andrew Noble and Frederick Abel , worked to improve the properties of black powder during the late 19th century.
This formed the basis for the Noble-Abel gas equation for internal ballistics. The introduction of smokeless powder in the late 19th century led to a contraction of the gunpowder industry.
After the end of World War I , the majority of the United Kingdom gunpowder manufacturers merged into a single company, "Explosives Trades limited"; and a number of sites were closed down, including those in Ireland.
The present general scholarly consensus is that Gunpower arrived in India after mongol invasion or as late as the 15th century.
Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons according to some scholarship was transmitted to India through the Mongol invasions of India.
Nasiruddin Mahmud tried to express his strength as a ruler and tried to ward off any Mongol attempt similar to the Siege of Baghdad The shipwrecked Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis is known to have introduced the earliest type of matchlock weapons, which the Ottomans used against the Portuguese during the Siege of Diu After that, a diverse variety of firearms, large guns in particular, became visible in Tanjore , Dacca , Bijapur , and Murshidabad.
The Mughal emperor Akbar mass-produced matchlocks for the Mughal Army. Akbar is personally known to have shot a leading Rajput commander during the Siege of Chittorgarh.
The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan is known to have introduced much more advanced matchlocks, their designs were a combination of Ottoman and Mughal designs.
Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan were the first to introduce modern cannons and muskets , their army was also the first in India to have official uniforms.
The Mysorean rockets inspired the development of the Congreve rocket , which the British widely utilized during the Napoleonic Wars and the War of Even though the knowledge of making gunpowder-based weapon has been known after the failed Mongol invasion of Java, and the predecessor of firearms, the pole gun bedil tombak , was recorded as being used by Java in , [72] [73] : the knowledge of making "true" firearms came much later, after the middle of the 15th century.
It was brought by the Islamic nations of West Asia, most probably the Arabs. The precise year of introduction is unknown, but it may be safely concluded to be no earlier than Portuguese and Spanish invaders were unpleasantly surprised and even outgunned on occasion.
Majapahit-era cetbang cannons were further improved and used in the Demak Sultanate period during the Demak invasion of Portuguese Malacca.
During this period, the iron for manufacturing Javanese cannons was imported from Khorasan in northern Persia. The material was known by Javanese as wesi kurasani Khorasan iron.
These cannons varied between pounders, weighing anywhere between 3—8 tons, length of them between 3—6 m. It led to near universal use of the swivel-gun and cannons in the Nusantara archipelago.
Saltpeter harvesting was recorded by Dutch and German travelers as being common in even the smallest villages and was collected from the decomposition process of large dung hills specifically piled for the purpose.
The Dutch punishment for possession of non-permitted gunpowder appears to have been amputation. On the origins of gunpowder technology, historian Tonio Andrade remarked, "Scholars today overwhelmingly concur that the gun was invented in China.
However, the history of gunpowder is not without controversy. A major problem confronting the study of early gunpowder history is ready access to sources close to the events described.
Often the first records potentially describing use of gunpowder in warfare were written several centuries after the fact, and may well have been colored by the contemporary experiences of the chronicler.
Ambiguous language can make it difficult to distinguish gunpowder weapons from similar technologies that do not rely on gunpowder. A commonly cited example is a report of the Battle of Mohi in Eastern Europe that mentions a "long lance" sending forth "evil-smelling vapors and smoke", which has been variously interpreted by different historians as the "first-gas attack upon European soil" using gunpowder, "the first use of cannon in Europe", or merely a "toxic gas" with no evidence of gunpowder.
Science and technology historian Bert S. Hall makes the observation that, "It goes without saying, however, that historians bent on special pleading, or simply with axes of their own to grind, can find rich material in these terminological thickets.
Another major area of contention in modern studies of the history of gunpowder is regarding the transmission of gunpowder. While the literary and archaeological evidence supports a Chinese origin for gunpowder and guns, the manner in which gunpowder technology was transferred from China to the West is still under debate.
The term black powder was coined in the late 19th century, primarily in the United States , to distinguish prior gunpowder formulations from the new smokeless powders and semi-smokeless powders.
Semi-smokeless powders featured bulk volume properties that approximated black powder, but had significantly reduced amounts of smoke and combustion products.
Smokeless powder has different burning properties pressure vs. This can rupture older weapons designed for black powder. Smokeless powders ranged in color from brownish tan to yellow to white.
Most of the bulk semi-smokeless powders ceased to be manufactured in the s. Potassium nitrate is the most important ingredient in terms of both bulk and function because the combustion process releases oxygen from the potassium nitrate, promoting the rapid burning of the other ingredients.
Charcoal does not consist of pure carbon; rather, it consists of partially pyrolyzed cellulose , in which the wood is not completely decomposed.
Carbon differs from ordinary charcoal. Whereas charcoal's autoignition temperature is relatively low, carbon's is much greater.
Thus, a black powder composition containing pure carbon would burn similarly to a match head, at best. The current standard composition for the black powders that are manufactured by pyrotechnicians was adopted as long ago as After manufacturing grains from press-cake in the usual way, his process tumbled the powder with graphite dust for 12 hours.
This formed a graphite coating on each grain that reduced its ability to absorb moisture. Neither the use of graphite nor sodium nitrate was new. Another suggestion is that it was William Lobb , the planthunter, who recognised the possibilities of sodium nitrate during his travels in South America.
Lammot du Pont would have known about the use of graphite and probably also knew about the plants in south-west England. In his patent he was careful to state that his claim was for the combination of graphite with sodium nitrate-based powder, rather than for either of the two individual technologies.
Powder used for rocketry can use a slower burn rate since it accelerates the projectile for a much longer time—whereas powders for weapons such as flintlocks, cap-locks, or matchlocks need a higher burn rate to accelerate the projectile in a much shorter distance.
Cannons usually used lower burn-rate powders, because most would burst with higher burn-rate powders. In the First Opium war, the mixture for Qing China gunpowder contained a high ratio of charcoal which gave it a high stability and longer shelf life but generated less kinetic energy when ignited, decreasing the range and accuracy.
In comparison, the mixture for British gunpowder contained a higher ratio of sulfur, allowing the powder to burn faster and thus generate more kinetic energy.
Besides black powder, there are other historically important types of gunpowder. Prismatic Brown Powder is a large-grained product the Rottweil Company introduced in in Germany, which was adopted by the British Royal Navy shortly thereafter.
The French navy adopted a fine, 3. These brown powders reduced burning rate even further by using as little as 2 percent sulfur and using charcoal made from rye straw that had not been completely charred, hence the brown color.
Lesmok powder was a product developed by DuPont in , [] one of several semi-smokeless products in the industry containing a mixture of black and nitrocellulose powder.
It was sold to Winchester and others primarily for. Its advantage was that it was believed at the time to be less corrosive than smokeless powders then in use.
It was not understood in the U. The bulkier black powder fouling better disperses primer residue. Failure to mitigate primer corrosion by dispersion caused the false impression that nitrocellulose-based powder caused corrosion.
The development of smokeless powders, such as cordite, in the late 19th century created the need for a spark-sensitive priming charge , such as gunpowder.
However, the sulfur content of traditional gunpowders caused corrosion problems with Cordite Mk I and this led to the introduction of a range of sulfur-free gunpowders, of varying grain sizes.
Sulfur's main role in gunpowder is to decrease the ignition temperature. A sample reaction for sulfur-free gunpowder would be:. The original dry-compounded powder used in 15th-century Europe was known as "Serpentine", either a reference to Satan [29] or to a common artillery piece that used it.
Vibration during transportation could cause the components to separate again, requiring remixing in the field.
Also if the quality of the saltpeter was low for instance if it was contaminated with highly hygroscopic calcium nitrate , or if the powder was simply old due to the mildly hygroscopic nature of potassium nitrate , in humid weather it would need to be re-dried.
The dust from "repairing" powder in the field was a major hazard. Loading cannons or bombards before the powder-making advances of the Renaissance was a skilled art.
Fine powder loaded haphazardly or too tightly would burn incompletely or too slowly. Typically, the breech-loading powder chamber in the rear of the piece was filled only about half full, the serpentine powder neither too compressed nor too loose, a wooden bung pounded in to seal the chamber from the barrel when assembled, and the projectile placed on.
A carefully determined empty space was necessary for the charge to burn effectively. When the cannon was fired through the touchhole, turbulence from the initial surface combustion caused the rest of the powder to be rapidly exposed to the flame.
The advent of much more powerful and easy to use corned powder changed this procedure, but serpentine was used with older guns into the 17th century.
For propellants to oxidize and burn rapidly and effectively, the combustible ingredients must be reduced to the smallest possible particle sizes, and be as thoroughly mixed as possible.
Once mixed, however, for better results in a gun, makers discovered that the final product should be in the form of individual dense grains that spread the fire quickly from grain to grain, much as straw or twigs catch fire more quickly than a pile of sawdust.
In late 14th century Europe and China, [] gunpowder was improved by wet grinding; liquid, such as distilled spirits [50] was added during the grinding-together of the ingredients and the moist paste dried afterwards.
The principle of wet mixing to prevent the separation of dry ingredients, invented for gunpowder, is used today in the pharmaceutical industry.
The balls were then crushed in a mortar by the gunner immediately before use, with the old problem of uneven particle size and packing causing unpredictable results.
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They cannot be allowed to get that gun powder. Hip hip hoorah! Holloa boys, holloa boys, make the bells ring. Diese Beispiele können umgangssprachliche Wörter, die auf der Grundlage Ihrer Suchergebnis enthalten. The Chinese had not only Six Serie Staffel 2 the gun powder. Andere sind wiederum mit der Herstellung der Raketen beschäftigt, und jeder hat sein eigenes Rezept für einen erfolgreichen Flug der Rakete, einige enthalten mehr als kg Schwarzpulver und sind um die 15 m lang. Anne Vaux. Nach Berechnungen von Tote Schlafen Besser hätte die angesammelte Menge von Sprengstoff ausgereicht, alle Gebäude im Umkreis von How To Get Away With Murder Season 5 Kilometer zu beschädigen und auf jeden Fall den Inception Hd Stream Westminster-Palast zu zerstören.Gun Powder -
Simon Kunz. Fawkes und seine Mitverschwörer versuchten, am Dienstag, den 5. Schwarzpulver , einst ein wichtiger Wirtschaftszweig für Elsbethen, und zwar bis etwa Beispiele, die Pulverlager enthalten, ansehen 2 Beispiele mit Übereinstimmungen. Entdecken Sie Gunpowder [2 DVDs] und weitere TV-Serien auf DVD- & Blu-ray in unserem vielfältigen Angebot. Gratis Lieferung möglich. Übersetzung im Kontext von „gun powder“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: Listen, they must have taken some of our gun powder. Many translated example sentences containing "gunpowder" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. water-and-life.eu - Compra Gunpowder (Die Event Serie) a un gran precio, con posibilidad de envío gratis. Ver opiniones y detalles sobre la gran selección de Blu-ray. They cannot be Zdftivi to get that gun powder. On the glacier, the men had to protect themselves from being burnt by Night School 1 sun with oil and gun powder and were only equipped with crampons to walk on the ice. Oktober bis zum Venom Kinostart. November bei einer Inspektion der Keller unter dem Masterminds Online Stream entdeckt. Einige Historiker gehen davon aus, dass er der Verschwörung angehörte und seine Mitwisser verriet. Nach Berechnungen von Wissenschaftlern hätte die angesammelte Menge Tote Schlafen Besser Sprengstoff ausgereicht, alle Gebäude im Umkreis von einem Kilometer zu beschädigen und auf jeden Fall den gesamten Westminster-Palast zu zerstören. The system of claim 22, wherein the propellant comprises gun powder Ihr direkter Nachfolger Jakob Schönheit Kommt Von Innen. Unter Elisabeth I.Gun Powder Navigation menu Video
Quando Rondo - Gun Powder (Official Video)Gunpowder is classified as a low explosive because of its relatively slow decomposition rate and consequently low brisance. Low explosives deflagrate i.
Ignition of gunpowder packed behind a projectile generates enough pressure to force the shot from the muzzle at high speed, but usually not enough force to rupture the gun barrel.
Gunpowder thus makes a good propellant, but is less suitable for shattering rock or fortifications with its low-yield explosive power. However, by transferring enough energy from the burning gunpowder to the mass of the cannonball, and then from the cannonball to the opposing fortifications by way of the impacting ammunition eventually a bombardier may wear down an opponent's fortified defenses.
Gunpowder was widely used to fill fused artillery shells and used in mining and civil engineering projects until the second half of the 19th century, when the first high explosives were put into use.
A simple, commonly cited, chemical equation for the combustion of black powder is:. A balanced, but still simplified, equation is: [7].
Gunpowder does not burn as a single reaction, so the byproducts are not easily predicted. One study [8] showed that it produced in order of descending quantities Black powder made with less-expensive and more plentiful sodium nitrate instead of potassium nitrate in appropriate proportions works just as well.
However, it is more hygroscopic than powders made from potassium nitrate. Muzzleloaders have been known to fire after hanging on a wall for decades in a loaded state, provided they remained dry.
By contrast, black powder made with sodium nitrate must be kept sealed to remain stable. Gunpowder releases 3 megajoules per kilogram and contains its own oxidant.
This is lower than TNT 4. Black powder also has a low energy density compared to modern "smokeless" powders, and thus to achieve high energy loadings, large amounts of black powder are needed with heavy projectiles.
Gunpowder is a low explosive : it does not detonate , but rather deflagrates burns quickly. This is an advantage in a propellant device, where one does not desire a shock that would shatter the gun and potentially harm the operator; however, it is a drawback when an explosion is desired.
In that case, gunpowder and most importantly, gases produced by its burning must be confined. Since it contains its own oxidizer and additionally burns faster under pressure, its combustion is capable of bursting containers such as a shell, grenade, or improvised "pipe bomb" or "pressure cooker" casings to form shrapnel.
In quarrying, high explosives are generally preferred for shattering rock. However, because of its low brisance , black powder causes fewer fractures and results in more usable stone compared to other explosives, making black powder useful for blasting slate , which is fragile, [9] or monumental stone such as granite and marble.
Black powder is well suited for blank rounds , signal flares , burst charges , and rescue-line launches. Black powder is also used in fireworks for lifting shells, in rockets as fuel, and in certain special effects.
Combustion converts less than half the mass of black powder to gas, most of it turns into particulate matter.
Some of it is ejected, wasting propelling power, fouling the air, and generally being a nuisance giving away a soldier's position, generating fog that hinders vision, etc.
Some of it ends up as a thick layer of soot inside the barrel, where it also is a nuisance for subsequent shots, and a cause of jamming an automatic weapon.
Moreover, this residue is hygroscopic , and with the addition of moisture absorbed from the air forms a corrosive substance. The soot contains potassium oxide or sodium oxide that turns into potassium hydroxide , or sodium hydroxide , which corrodes wrought iron or steel gun barrels.
Black powder arms therefore require thorough and regular cleaning to remove the residue. The earliest chemical formula for gunpowder appeared in the 11th century Song dynasty text, Wujing Zongyao Complete Essentials from the Military Classics , written by Zeng Gongliang between and A slow match for flame throwing mechanisms using the siphon principle and for fireworks and rockets is mentioned.
However gunpowder had already been used for fire arrows since at least the 10th century. The first recorded military application of gunpowder dates its use to the year in the form of incendiary projectiles.
By the Song court was producing hundreds of thousands of fire arrows for their garrisons. Fire lances were first recorded to have been used at the Siege of De'an in by Song forces against the Jin.
By some fire lances were firing wads of bullets. The Muslims acquired knowledge of gunpowder some time between and , by which point the Syrian Hasan al-Rammah had written, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries.
Al-Hassan claims that in the Battle of Ain Jalut of , the Mamluks used against the Mongols in "the first cannon in history" gunpowder formula with near-identical ideal composition ratios for explosive gunpowder.
Khan claims that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world [34] and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early musketeers in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.
The musket appeared in the Ottoman Empire by The state-controlled manufacture of gunpowder by the Ottoman Empire through early supply chains to obtain nitre, sulfur and high-quality charcoal from oaks in Anatolia contributed significantly to its expansion between the 15th and 18th century.
It was not until later in the 19th century when the syndicalist production of Turkish gunpowder was greatly reduced, which coincided with the decline of its military might.
Some sources mention possible gunpowder weapons being deployed by the Mongols against European forces at the Battle of Mohi in Records show that, in England, gunpowder was being made in at the Tower of London ; a powder house existed at the Tower in ; and in three King's gunpowder makers worked there.
In late 14th century Europe, gunpowder was improved by corning , the practice of drying gunpowder into small clumps to improve combustion and consistency.
During the Renaissance, two European schools of pyrotechnic thought emerged, one in Italy and the other at Nuremberg, Germany.
It was published posthumously in , with 9 editions over years, and also reprinted by MIT Press in By the midth century fireworks were used for entertainment on an unprecedented scale in Europe, being popular even at resorts and public gardens.
After he discovered that France was not self-sufficient in gunpowder, a Gunpowder Administration was established; to head it, the lawyer Antoine Lavoisier was appointed.
Although from a bourgeois family, after his degree in law Lavoisier became wealthy from a company set up to collect taxes for the Crown; this allowed him to pursue experimental natural science as a hobby.
Without access to cheap saltpeter controlled by the British , for hundreds of years France had relied on saltpetremen with royal warrants, the droit de fouille or "right to dig", to seize nitrous-containing soil and demolish walls of barnyards, without compensation to the owners.
Lavoisier instituted a crash program to increase saltpeter production, revised and later eliminated the droit de fouille , researched best refining and powder manufacturing methods, instituted management and record-keeping, and established pricing that encouraged private investment in works.
Although saltpeter from new Prussian-style putrefaction works had not been produced yet the process taking about 18 months , in only a year France had gunpowder to export.
A chief beneficiary of this surplus was the American Revolution. By careful testing and adjusting the proportions and grinding time, powder from mills such as at Essonne outside Paris became the best in the world by , and inexpensive.
Two British physicists, Andrew Noble and Frederick Abel , worked to improve the properties of black powder during the late 19th century.
This formed the basis for the Noble-Abel gas equation for internal ballistics. The introduction of smokeless powder in the late 19th century led to a contraction of the gunpowder industry.
After the end of World War I , the majority of the United Kingdom gunpowder manufacturers merged into a single company, "Explosives Trades limited"; and a number of sites were closed down, including those in Ireland.
The present general scholarly consensus is that Gunpower arrived in India after mongol invasion or as late as the 15th century. Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons according to some scholarship was transmitted to India through the Mongol invasions of India.
Nasiruddin Mahmud tried to express his strength as a ruler and tried to ward off any Mongol attempt similar to the Siege of Baghdad The shipwrecked Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis is known to have introduced the earliest type of matchlock weapons, which the Ottomans used against the Portuguese during the Siege of Diu After that, a diverse variety of firearms, large guns in particular, became visible in Tanjore , Dacca , Bijapur , and Murshidabad.
The Mughal emperor Akbar mass-produced matchlocks for the Mughal Army. Akbar is personally known to have shot a leading Rajput commander during the Siege of Chittorgarh.
The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan is known to have introduced much more advanced matchlocks, their designs were a combination of Ottoman and Mughal designs.
Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan were the first to introduce modern cannons and muskets , their army was also the first in India to have official uniforms.
The Mysorean rockets inspired the development of the Congreve rocket , which the British widely utilized during the Napoleonic Wars and the War of Even though the knowledge of making gunpowder-based weapon has been known after the failed Mongol invasion of Java, and the predecessor of firearms, the pole gun bedil tombak , was recorded as being used by Java in , [72] [73] : the knowledge of making "true" firearms came much later, after the middle of the 15th century.
It was brought by the Islamic nations of West Asia, most probably the Arabs. The precise year of introduction is unknown, but it may be safely concluded to be no earlier than Portuguese and Spanish invaders were unpleasantly surprised and even outgunned on occasion.
Majapahit-era cetbang cannons were further improved and used in the Demak Sultanate period during the Demak invasion of Portuguese Malacca.
During this period, the iron for manufacturing Javanese cannons was imported from Khorasan in northern Persia. The material was known by Javanese as wesi kurasani Khorasan iron.
These cannons varied between pounders, weighing anywhere between 3—8 tons, length of them between 3—6 m.
It led to near universal use of the swivel-gun and cannons in the Nusantara archipelago. Saltpeter harvesting was recorded by Dutch and German travelers as being common in even the smallest villages and was collected from the decomposition process of large dung hills specifically piled for the purpose.
The Dutch punishment for possession of non-permitted gunpowder appears to have been amputation. On the origins of gunpowder technology, historian Tonio Andrade remarked, "Scholars today overwhelmingly concur that the gun was invented in China.
However, the history of gunpowder is not without controversy. A major problem confronting the study of early gunpowder history is ready access to sources close to the events described.
Often the first records potentially describing use of gunpowder in warfare were written several centuries after the fact, and may well have been colored by the contemporary experiences of the chronicler.
Ambiguous language can make it difficult to distinguish gunpowder weapons from similar technologies that do not rely on gunpowder. A commonly cited example is a report of the Battle of Mohi in Eastern Europe that mentions a "long lance" sending forth "evil-smelling vapors and smoke", which has been variously interpreted by different historians as the "first-gas attack upon European soil" using gunpowder, "the first use of cannon in Europe", or merely a "toxic gas" with no evidence of gunpowder.
Science and technology historian Bert S. Hall makes the observation that, "It goes without saying, however, that historians bent on special pleading, or simply with axes of their own to grind, can find rich material in these terminological thickets.
Another major area of contention in modern studies of the history of gunpowder is regarding the transmission of gunpowder.
While the literary and archaeological evidence supports a Chinese origin for gunpowder and guns, the manner in which gunpowder technology was transferred from China to the West is still under debate.
The term black powder was coined in the late 19th century, primarily in the United States , to distinguish prior gunpowder formulations from the new smokeless powders and semi-smokeless powders.
Semi-smokeless powders featured bulk volume properties that approximated black powder, but had significantly reduced amounts of smoke and combustion products.
Smokeless powder has different burning properties pressure vs. This can rupture older weapons designed for black powder.
Smokeless powders ranged in color from brownish tan to yellow to white. Most of the bulk semi-smokeless powders ceased to be manufactured in the s.
Potassium nitrate is the most important ingredient in terms of both bulk and function because the combustion process releases oxygen from the potassium nitrate, promoting the rapid burning of the other ingredients.
Charcoal does not consist of pure carbon; rather, it consists of partially pyrolyzed cellulose , in which the wood is not completely decomposed.
Carbon differs from ordinary charcoal. Whereas charcoal's autoignition temperature is relatively low, carbon's is much greater.
Thus, a black powder composition containing pure carbon would burn similarly to a match head, at best. The current standard composition for the black powders that are manufactured by pyrotechnicians was adopted as long ago as After manufacturing grains from press-cake in the usual way, his process tumbled the powder with graphite dust for 12 hours.
This formed a graphite coating on each grain that reduced its ability to absorb moisture. Neither the use of graphite nor sodium nitrate was new.
Another suggestion is that it was William Lobb , the planthunter, who recognised the possibilities of sodium nitrate during his travels in South America.
Lammot du Pont would have known about the use of graphite and probably also knew about the plants in south-west England. In his patent he was careful to state that his claim was for the combination of graphite with sodium nitrate-based powder, rather than for either of the two individual technologies.
Powder used for rocketry can use a slower burn rate since it accelerates the projectile for a much longer time—whereas powders for weapons such as flintlocks, cap-locks, or matchlocks need a higher burn rate to accelerate the projectile in a much shorter distance.
Cannons usually used lower burn-rate powders, because most would burst with higher burn-rate powders.
In the First Opium war, the mixture for Qing China gunpowder contained a high ratio of charcoal which gave it a high stability and longer shelf life but generated less kinetic energy when ignited, decreasing the range and accuracy.
In comparison, the mixture for British gunpowder contained a higher ratio of sulfur, allowing the powder to burn faster and thus generate more kinetic energy.
Besides black powder, there are other historically important types of gunpowder. Prismatic Brown Powder is a large-grained product the Rottweil Company introduced in in Germany, which was adopted by the British Royal Navy shortly thereafter.
The French navy adopted a fine, 3. These brown powders reduced burning rate even further by using as little as 2 percent sulfur and using charcoal made from rye straw that had not been completely charred, hence the brown color.
Lesmok powder was a product developed by DuPont in , [] one of several semi-smokeless products in the industry containing a mixture of black and nitrocellulose powder.
It was sold to Winchester and others primarily for. Its advantage was that it was believed at the time to be less corrosive than smokeless powders then in use.
It was not understood in the U. The bulkier black powder fouling better disperses primer residue. Failure to mitigate primer corrosion by dispersion caused the false impression that nitrocellulose-based powder caused corrosion.
The development of smokeless powders, such as cordite, in the late 19th century created the need for a spark-sensitive priming charge , such as gunpowder.
However, the sulfur content of traditional gunpowders caused corrosion problems with Cordite Mk I and this led to the introduction of a range of sulfur-free gunpowders, of varying grain sizes.
Sulfur's main role in gunpowder is to decrease the ignition temperature. A sample reaction for sulfur-free gunpowder would be:. The original dry-compounded powder used in 15th-century Europe was known as "Serpentine", either a reference to Satan [29] or to a common artillery piece that used it.
Vibration during transportation could cause the components to separate again, requiring remixing in the field. Also if the quality of the saltpeter was low for instance if it was contaminated with highly hygroscopic calcium nitrate , or if the powder was simply old due to the mildly hygroscopic nature of potassium nitrate , in humid weather it would need to be re-dried.
The dust from "repairing" powder in the field was a major hazard. Loading cannons or bombards before the powder-making advances of the Renaissance was a skilled art.
Fine powder loaded haphazardly or too tightly would burn incompletely or too slowly. Typically, the breech-loading powder chamber in the rear of the piece was filled only about half full, the serpentine powder neither too compressed nor too loose, a wooden bung pounded in to seal the chamber from the barrel when assembled, and the projectile placed on.
A carefully determined empty space was necessary for the charge to burn effectively. When the cannon was fired through the touchhole, turbulence from the initial surface combustion caused the rest of the powder to be rapidly exposed to the flame.
The advent of much more powerful and easy to use corned powder changed this procedure, but serpentine was used with older guns into the 17th century.
For propellants to oxidize and burn rapidly and effectively, the combustible ingredients must be reduced to the smallest possible particle sizes, and be as thoroughly mixed as possible.
Once mixed, however, for better results in a gun, makers discovered that the final product should be in the form of individual dense grains that spread the fire quickly from grain to grain, much as straw or twigs catch fire more quickly than a pile of sawdust.
In late 14th century Europe and China, [] gunpowder was improved by wet grinding; liquid, such as distilled spirits [50] was added during the grinding-together of the ingredients and the moist paste dried afterwards.
The principle of wet mixing to prevent the separation of dry ingredients, invented for gunpowder, is used today in the pharmaceutical industry. The balls were then crushed in a mortar by the gunner immediately before use, with the old problem of uneven particle size and packing causing unpredictable results.
If the right size particles were chosen, however, the result was a great improvement in power. Forming the damp paste into corn -sized clumps by hand or with the use of a sieve instead of larger balls produced a product after drying that loaded much better, as each tiny piece provided its own surrounding air space that allowed much more rapid combustion than a fine powder.
An example is cited where 34 pounds of serpentine was needed to shoot a pound ball, but only 18 pounds of corned powder. Because the dry powdered ingredients must be mixed and bonded together for extrusion and cut into grains to maintain the blend, size reduction and mixing is done while the ingredients are damp, usually with water.
After , instead of forming grains by hand or with sieves, the damp mill-cake was pressed in molds to increase its density and extract the liquid, forming press-cake.
The pressing took varying amounts of time, depending on conditions such as atmospheric humidity. The hard, dense product was broken again into tiny pieces, which were separated with sieves to produce a uniform product for each purpose: coarse powders for cannons, finer grained powders for muskets, and the finest for small hand guns and priming.
Modern corning first compresses the fine black powder meal into blocks with a fixed density 1. By the late 19th century manufacturing focused on standard grades of black powder from Fg used in large bore rifles and shotguns, through FFg medium and small-bore arms such as muskets and fusils , FFFg small-bore rifles and pistols , and FFFFg extreme small bore, short pistols and most commonly for priming flintlocks.
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